Basic Linux Commands
• File Handling
• Text Processing
• System Administration
• Process Management
• Archival
• Network
• File Systems
• Advanced Commands
Sources to learn commands
Primary – man(manual) pages.
man <command> shows all information about the
command
<command> help shows the available options
for that command
Secondary – Books and Internet
mkdir – make directories
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
eg. mkdir prabhat
ls – list directory contents
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. ls, ls l, ls prabhat
cd – changes directories
Usage: cd [DIRECTORY]
eg. cd prabha
File Handling commands
pwd – print name of current working directory
Usage: pwd
vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor
Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]...
eg. vim file1.txt
File Handling
pwd – print name of current working directory
Usage: pwd
vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor
Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]..
cp – copy files and directories
Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
eg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt
cp sample_copy.txt target_dir
mv – move (rename) files
Usage: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
eg. mv source.txt target_dir
mv old.txt new.txt
rm – remove files or directories
Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
eg. rm file1.txt , rm rf some_dir
find – search for files in a directory hierarchy
Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]
eg. find file1.txt, find name file1.txt
history – prints recently used commands
Usage: history
Pattern
A Pattern is an expression that describes a set of
strings which is used to give a concise description
of a set, without having to list all elements.
eg. ab*cd matches anything that starts with ab and
ends with cd etc.
ls *.txt – prints all text files
Text Processing
cat – concatenate files and print on the standard output
Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...
eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt
cat n file1.txt
echo–display a line of text
Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] ...
eg. echo I love India
echo $HOME
grep–print lines matching a pattern
Usage: grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE]...
eg. grep i apple sample.txt
wc– print the number of newlines, words, and bytes in files
Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. wc file1.txt
wc L file1.txt
sort – sort lines of text files
Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. sort file1.txt
sort r file1.txt
Linux File Permissions
3 types of file permissions – read, write, execute
10 bit format from 'ls l' command
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
file type owner group others
eg. drwxrwr means owner has all three permissions,
group has read and write, others have only read
permission
read permission – 4, write – 2, execute 1
eg. rwxrwr = 764
673 = rwrw-xw
System Administration
chmod – change file access permissions
Usage: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE]
eg. chmod 744 calculate.sh
chown – change file owner and group
Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE...
eg. chown remo myfile.tx
su – change user ID or become superuser
Usage: su [OPTION] [LOGIN]
eg. su remo, su
passwd – update a user’s authentication tokens(s)
Usage: passwd [OPTION]
eg. passwd
who – show who is logged on
Usage: who [OPTION]
eg. who , who b , who q
Process Management
ps – report a snapshot of the current processes
Usage: ps [OPTION]
eg. ps, ps el
kill – to kill a process(using signal mechanism)
Usage: kill [OPTION] pid
eg. kill 9 2275
Archival
tar – to archive a file
Usage: tar [OPTION] DEST SOURCE
eg. tar cvf /home/archive.tar /home/original
tar xvf /home/archive.tar
zip – package and compress (archive) files
Usage: zip [OPTION] DEST SOURSE
eg. zip original.zip original
unzip – list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
Usage: unzip filename
eg. unzip original.zip
Network
ssh – SSH client (remote login program)
“ssh is a program for logging into a remote machine and for
executing commands on a remote machine”
Usage: ssh [options] [user]@hostname
eg. ssh X guest@10.105.11.20
scp – secure copy (remote file copy program)
“scp copies files between hosts on a network”
Usage: scp [options] [[user]@host1:file1] [[user]@host2:file2]
eg. scp file1.txt guest@10.105.11.20:~/Desktop/
File Systems
fdisk – partition manipulator
eg. sudo fdisk l
mount – mount a file system
Usage: mount t type device dir
eg. mount /dev/sda5 /media/target
umount – unmount file systems
Usage: umount [OPTIONS] dir | device...
eg. umount /media/target
du – estimate file space usage
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. du
df – report filesystem disk space usage
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. df
quota – display disk usage and limits
Usage: quota [OPTION]
eg. quota v
Advanced Commands
reboot – reboot the system
Usage: reboot [OPTION]
eg. reboot
poweroff – power off the system
Usage: poweroff [OPTION]
eg. poweroff
Editor commands
kate – KDE Advanced Text Editor
Usage: kate [options][file(s)]
eg. kate file1.txt file2.txt
vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor
Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]...
eg. vi hello.c
gedit - A text Editor. Used to create and edit files.
Usage: gedit [OPTION] [FILE]...
eg. gedit
Process Management
bg – make a foreground process to run in background
Usage: type 'ctrl+z' and then 'bg <job id>'
fg – to make background process as foreground process
Usage: fg [jobid]
jobs – displays the names and ids of background jobs
Usage: jobs
Advanced Commands
sed -stream editor for filtering and transforming text
Usage: sed [OPTION] [inputfile]...
eg. sed 's/love/hate/g' loveletter.txt
awk - pattern scanning and processing language
eg. awk F: '{ print $1 }' sample_awk.txt
find- search for files in a directory hierarchy
Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]
eg. find name file1.txt
locate – find or locate a file
Usage: locate [OPTION]... FILE...
eg. locate file1.txt
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